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1、 Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 1 Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 夢與鬼交 古代中醫病理的幾個詮釋 by Hsiu fen CHEN 陳秀芬 Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Unite

2、d Kingdom A Paper for Symposium on History of Diseases Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan R O C 16 18 June 2000 Work in progress Please do not cite without permission from the author Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 2

3、 Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine Hsiu fen CHEN I Introduction It goes without saying that interpreting dream is one of the approaches to understand human being Most of the current studies of dreams to be sure can be attributed to Freudian psychoa

4、nalysis Nevertheless interpreting dream as theories and practices is varied in different cultures Even in the same culture there must have been differentiated traditions and conventions of looking into them In ancient China 1 apart from the divination religions and folklore medical writers as well a

5、s practitioners did provide specific outlooks to survey dreams over millennia Unlike non medical perspectives that often focused on the link of thoughts to dream images early Chinese medical works rather regarded them as an indicator of pathological bodies caused by pathogenic qi However such a pers

6、pective did not remain unchanged for more diversified explanations ranging from demonic invasion parasitic worms to emotional pollution were introduced later on For the sake of exploring the different characteristics of dreams in medical views this paper thus is set up to seek the pluralistic aspect

7、s of dreaming sex with demons meng yu gui jiao 夢與鬼交 2 in terms of the interrelationship between dreams sex This paper is a part of my research schedule supervised by Dr Christopher Cullen to whom I would like to express my gratitude most Also some sources applied here had ever been presented in the

8、text reading seminar at Needham Research Institute Cambridge England on 19th February 1999 I appreciate those participants who had contributed to me their fruitful ideas and useful comments They are Dr C Cullen Dr Mark Lewis Dr Elisabeth Hsu and Mr John Moffett and so forth Finally my thanks go to D

9、r Lin Fu shih 林富士 and Dr Li Chien min 李建民 at the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica Taiwan for their kindness to send me their own published works related to this topic Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies University of London United Kingdom E mail 108037 soas

10、 ac uk 1 That is China before 1911 A D 2 Generally gui 鬼 in Chinese refers to the spirits or souls of a dead person e g deceased ancestors which seems to be closer to the term ghost in English However as the gui of meng yu gui jiao in Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Anci

11、ent Chinese Medicine 3 and demons By exploring this frequently mentioned illness in medical works this paper aims to research the related questions what the primarily medical perceptions of dreams were how the dream images were represented by ancient medical writers and which meanings they were thou

12、ght to refer to and so forth In doing so not only etiology diagnostics and treatments of dreams will be taken into account but also the implications of sex and demons in medical thoughts will be revealed Generally the proceeding of this paper will be based on the textual analysis of medical canonica

13、l works throughout ages First of all it will trace back to Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 and Jinkui yaolue 金匱要略 for their classic modes of explaining dreams and sexual dreams as pathogenic ailments Afterwards the light will shed on some medieval medical works such as Zhouhou fang 肘後方 Zhubing yuanhou lun 諸病源候

14、論 Qianjin fang 千金方 and Waitai miyao 外台秘要 in which the newly emerging etiology of demons and of worms had been introduced Since Song dynasty onwards corresponding to the increasing number of medical publications the medical views of sexual dreams with demons had become more complicated than ever In a

15、ddition to somatic pathology emotional factors and moralistic reasons were more frequently emphasized while discussing this illness Furthermore Ming Qing medical physicians stressed their tones on the association of sexual dream with demon with women s illnesses of reproduction demonic fetuses or st

16、erility Some of the contemporary medical cases even showed the possibility of this illness leading to death By examining varied medical works and medical cases these questions will be discussed at length In the conclusion in contrast to the medical opinions some non medical attitudes towards sexual

17、dreams with demons will be explored too All answers to these questions will be revealed step by step in the next sections II Medical Interpretations of Dreams Etiology Diagnostics and Treatments 2 1 Dreams and dreaming sex In the earlier stage of its development Chinese physicians tended to interpre

18、t dreams in terms of bodily pathology The etiology of dreams as ailments illuminated by the theories of qi 氣 at least reveals three fold of meanings First of all it presumes that human body as a dynamic being is accessible by varied atmospheric Chinese medical texts has more complicated connotations

19、 usually relevant to ghost evil spirit devil a malignant supernatural being etc I thus translate it as demons if not specify otherwise Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 4 factors namely qi in natural environments Secondly outer qi whether healthy o

20、r pathogenic may enter human body within which there exist too many sorts of inner qi Finally sleeping is a particular moment at which human body is less defensive to resist heteropathic qi A dream therefore arises within sleep while a sleeper s inner qi fighting with outer qi in the body that serve

21、s as a battlefield This idea can be traced back as early as Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 Inner Canon of the Yellow Lord hereafter Neijing or Inner Canon the earliest received medical classics in ancient time 3 In Lingshu 靈樞 Spiritual Pivot of Neijing the chapter dreams evoked by excess of heteropathic qi yi

22、nxie fa meng 淫邪發夢 explains that when orthopathic atmosphere and heteropathic qi zhengxie 正邪 4 act into a human body it is restless in turn disturbing the sleeper s zangfu 臟腑 viscera and bowels circulating with his yingwei 營衛 nourishing qi and defensive qi ascending with his hunpo 魂魄 5 making him res

23、t uneasily and have dreams 6 In short dream is originated during the confrontation of outer qi with inner qi which makes hunpo out of the bound of zangfu 3 The time of Huangdi neijing is dated between late Warring States and early Eastern Han dynasty Nowadays it is widely accepted that this canon wa

24、s not written by a single person nor was it shaped at certain time Rather it is regarded as the result of the ongoing process of editing medical theories or furthermore as the represented work of different schools since the antiquities See Yamada Keiji 山田 慶兒 1996 Huangdi neijing de chengli 黃帝內經的成立 T

25、he formation of Inner Canon of Yellow Lord in Gudai dongya zhexue yu keji wenhua 古代東亞哲學與科技文化 Ancient Philosophy and Scientific Culture in East Asia trans by Liao Yuqun 廖育群 Shenyang Liaoning jiaoyu chubanshe pp 234 235 Keegan David J 1988 The Huang ti nei jing The structure of the compilation the sig

26、nificance of the structure Ph D Dissertation of UC Berkeley Ann Arbor UMI 4 The Ming physician Ma Shi 馬蒔 16th century equated yinxie 淫邪 to zhengxie 正邪 implying both normal and pathogenic connotations In other words normally the six factors ranging from Dry Damp Cold Summer heat Wind to Rain are harm

27、less When they are excessive however they may become harmful to human bodies But Ma s contemporary Zhang Jiebin 張介賓 Ca 1563 1640 excluded zhengfeng 正風 from the category of zhengxie apparently viewed the latter in a merely pathogenic sense I simply follow Ma Shi s interpretation to see zhengxie as or

28、thopathic atmosphere zhengfeng 正風 and heteropathic qi xieqi 邪氣 for both of them can intrude human body See Huangdi neijing lingshu zhuzheng fawei 黃帝內經靈樞注證發微 1580 annotated by Ming Ma Shi 馬蒔 Beijing Renmin weisheng chubanshe 1994 reprinted p 250 Liu Wenying 劉文英 1989 Meng de mixin yu meng de tansuo 夢的

29、迷信與夢的探索 The Superstitions and Explorations of Dreams Beijing Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe p 188 5 According to the medical theories that which follows Spirit shen 神 to and fro is hun that which combines with Essence jing 精 in and out is po Moreover lung stores hun and liver stores po Huangdi neij

30、ing lingshu 黃帝內經靈樞 Beijing Zhongyi guji chubanshe 1997 p 19 Huangdi neijing suwen 黃帝內經素問 Beijing Renmin weisheng chubanshe 1996 reprinted p 41 For more details discussed by a recent research see He Yumin 何裕民 1995 Zhongguo chuantong jingshen binglixue 中國傳統精神病理學 Chinese Traditional Psychopathology Sha

31、nghai Shanghai kexue puji chubanshe pp 31 35 6 Huangdi neijing lingshu 黃帝內經靈樞 Beijing Zhongyi guji chubanshe 1997 p 68 Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 5 Furthermore the excess or deficiency of qi manifests itself in the different shapes xing 形 of

32、 dream Huangdi neijing shows us at least twelve sorts of dream caused by excess of qi For example excessive yin qi 陰 氣 gives rise to a dream of going through deep water with terror excessive yang qi 陽 氣 gives rise to a dream of great fire burning both excessive yinqi and yangqi give rise to a dream

33、of mutual fighting excessive qi at upper body leads to a dream of flying excessive qi at lower body leads to a dream of falling extreme hunger leads to a dream of fetching extreme fullness leads to a dream of giving and so forth 7 Generally the principles employed to explain these dream images are o

34、f analogy and of balance yin is always analogous to water while yang is to fire And image of flying and falling is parallel to up and down movement of qi In addition dreams of fetching and giving certainly reflect bodies of imbalance in complimentary dreams to supply while being deficient and to rem

35、ove while being excessive 8 As the annotators of Neijing had indicated nourishing qi is yinqi 陰氣 while defensive qi is yangqi 陽氣 9 Also liver masters blood and stores hun lung masters qi and stores po heart masters fire that is yang and kidney masters water that is yin 10 It is therefore plausible t

36、o perceive the association of dream images with yinyang nourishing qi and defensive qi Besides while discussing dreams not only the factor of zangfu viscera and bowels but also of wuxing 五行 five phases are taken into account 11 As such the more comprehensive map of dreams inspired by the theory of s

37、ystematic correspondence in Chinese medicine can be illustrated as follows Viscera Bowels and other Organs Five phases Dream images caused by excessive qi Dream images caused by deficient qi 7 Huangdi neijing lingshu p 68 c f Mai yao jingwei lun 脈要精微論 the treatise on the quintessence of pulses in Hu

38、angdi neijing suwen 黃帝內經素問 annotated by Tang Wang Bing Beijing Renmin weisheng chubanshe 1996 reprinted p 102 Huangdi neijing suwen jizhu 黃帝內經 素問集注 annotated by Qing Zhang Zhicong 張志聰 ca 1619 1674 first published in 1670 Tainan Wangjia chubanshe 1983 reprinted p 65 8 Huangdi neijing suwen 黃帝內經素問 Bei

39、jing Renmin weisheng chubanshe 1996 reprinted p 102 Regarding the theories of yinyang see Yinyang yingxiang dalun 陰陽應象大論 the grand treatise on the correspondence of yinyang to its phenomena in ibid pp 31 48 9 Huangdi neijing lingshu zhuzheng fawei 黃帝內經靈樞注證發微 annotated by Ming Ma Shi 馬 蒔 Beijing Renm

40、in weisheng chubanshe 1994 reprinted p 250 10 Huangdi neijing suwen jizhu 黃帝內經素問集注 annotated by Qing Zhang Zhicong 張志聰 ca 1619 1674 first published in 1670 Tainan Taiwan Wangjia chubanshe 1983 reprinted p 65 11 As many scholars try to point out zangfu in Chinese medicine are not the anatomical entit

41、ies of modern bio medicine Those organs have more functional and complicated interrelationship one another according to the theory of systematic correspondence Sivin Nathan 1997 Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China Ann Arbor The university of Michigan pp 124 133 Bray Francesca 1997 Technology

42、and Gender Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China Taipei SMC Publishing Inc pp 302 303 Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 6 Liver Wood Anger Woodlands and trees mushrooms and grasses Heart Fire Fondness of laugh fear and fright Fire on hills and mo

43、untains saving from fire Spleen Earth Joyful singing too heavy body to be lifted Mounds damage houses in rain and wind insufficient foods and drinks Lungs Metal Terror cry fly Flying and see strange things of iron white stuffs bloody mess Kidneys Water Split of waist from spine Facing abyss and sink

44、ing in water being drowned from boats Gall bladder Fighting and self cutting Small intestine Villages and hamlets Stomach Eating lodging in vault Huangdi neijing lingshu zhuzheng fawei 黃帝 內經靈樞注證發微 p 250 Huangdi neijing suwen 黃帝內經素問 p 102 569 Huangdi neijing suwen jizhu 黃帝內經素問集注 p 65 375 376 For furt

45、her discussions of their respective meanings see Liu Wenying 劉文英 1989 Meng de mixin yu meng de tansuo 夢的迷信與夢的探索 The Superstitions and Explorations of Dreams Beijing Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe pp 193 201 Dreaming Sex with Demons The Pathological Interpretations in Ancient Chinese Medicine 7 weap

46、on in war which may lead to terror and sorrow are seen as manifestations of lung Such an explanatory mode however is not always self consistent as some of the categories above can be mutually overlapped e g fear and fright in heart and terror in lung joy in both heart and spleen Moreover some cases

47、e g the connection between shinbone and lodging in cellar appear to be not very comprehensible Due to the limited scope of this paper I would rather like to leave these questions behind and concentrate my discussion on dreaming sex as problematic As shown above dreaming sexual intercourse or dreamin

48、g sex meng jienei 夢接內 was thought to be a result of deficient qi dwelling in genital organs As Neijing merely interpreted dreams as responses to physical stimuli say dysfunction of qi circulating in human body accordingly a complementary way of treatments was proposed here to purge while being reple

49、te to replenish while being deplete 13 2 2 Women s sexual dreams Given by the thread of Neijing later medical works went a step further representing dreaming sex as a symptom in the context of diseases caused by deficiency xu 虛 For example Zhang Ji s 張機 the 2 nd 3rd century A D Jinkui yaolue 金匱要略 Me

50、dical Treasure of the Golden Chamber continued to discuss the relation of dreaming sex and deficient qi Rather than highlighting on dream images themselves however Jinkui yaolue shifts its focus to the disease caused by deficient qi and defined it in a more specific range namely deficiency and tired